Solar trough frame, part and method

ABSTRACT

A solar trough frame for holding solar mirrors includes a plurality of chords. The frame includes a plurality of extruded profiles, including chords, chord sleeves, struts, strut end pieces and mirror support pieces, each chord sleeve having at least one chord sleeve fin, each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords. The frame includes a plurality of struts, at least one of the struts having a strut end piece having at least one strut fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the plurality of chords. The frame includes a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed. A chord sleeve for connecting a chord of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a strut end piece extending from a strut of the solar frame. A strut end piece for connecting the strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord sleeve of the solar frame. A method for linking a strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord of the solar frame. A method for supporting solar mirrors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application number 61/190,573 filed Aug. 29, 2008.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to solar frames for holding solar mirrors. (As used herein, references to the “present invention” or “invention” relate to exemplary embodiments and not necessarily to every embodiment encompassed by the appended claims.). More specifically, the present invention pertains to solar frames for holding solar mirrors utilizing a plurality of extruded profiles, including chords, chords sleeves and strut end pieces, where each chord sleeve has at least one chord sleeve fin, and a plurality of struts, where at least one of the struts has a strut end piece having at least one strut end piece fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of the art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention. The following discussion is intended to provide information to facilitate a better understanding of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that statements in the following discussion are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems utilize mirrors to concentrate the sun's energy onto points or lines. For the purpose of explanation, we will assume a parabolic trough type system where the parabolic mirrors concentrate the sun's energy onto a fluid filled tube; the hot fluid is then transferred to a more conventional steam turbine power plant or similar system to generate electricity. Reliable support for the large parabolic mirrors is critical to ensure excellent performance (focus) in varying atmospheric conditions and to guard against mirror breakage. Some of the key issues include overall frame deflection from its own weight, that of the attached mirrors and wind loads. Prior art for Solar Trough designs relied on steel fabrications and weldments or aluminum extrusions configured and joined using techniques developed in the building construction industry. We used our experience in building safety critical structures from aluminum extrusions (ladders, staging and scaffolding) and our extensive extrusion industry tooling and operational knowledge and coupled this with the load and performance requirements for solar trough frames; we used structural engineering and Finite Element Analyses (FEA) to design a more optimal solar trough frame—minimum weight, efficient production processes (extrusion, fabrication, subassembly and final assembly) with the end product designed to meet all weight, wind, temperature and torsional loads expected.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to a solar trough frame for holding solar mirrors. The frame comprises a plurality of chords. The frame comprises a plurality of extruded profiles, including chords, chord sleeves, struts and strut end pieces, each chord sleeve having at least one chord sleeve fin, each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords. The frame comprises a plurality of struts, at least one of the struts having a strut end piece having at least one strut end piece fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the plurality of chords. The frame comprises a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed.

The present invention pertains to a chord sleeve for connecting a chord of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a strut end piece extending from a strut of the solar frame. The chord sleeve comprises a chord sleeve primary portion having an opening in which the chord is disposed; and at least one chord sleeve fin extending from the primary portion that is fixed to the strut end piece.

The present invention pertains to a strut end piece for connecting the strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord sleeve of the solar frame. The strut end piece comprises a strut end piece primary portion which attaches to the strut. The strut end piece comprises at least one strut end piece fin extending from the strut end piece primary portion which attaches to the chord sleeve.

The present invention pertains to a method for linking a strut of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to a chord of the solar frame. The method comprises the steps of positioning a strut end piece fin of a strut end piece of the strut adjacent a chord sleeve fin of a chord sleeve about the chord. There is the step of fixing the strut end piece fin and the chord sleeve fin together with a frame fastener that contacts the strut end piece fin and the chord sleeve fin.

The present invention pertains to a method for supporting solar mirrors. The method comprises the steps of receiving sunlight on the mirrors supported by a solar frame formed of a plurality of extruded profiles including chords, chord sleeves and strut end pieces. Each chord sleeve having at least one chord sleeve fin. Each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords. The frame has a plurality of struts. At least one strut having a strut end piece having at least one strut end piece fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the plurality of chords, and a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed. There is the step of moving the frame relative to the sun.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

In the accompanying drawings, the preferred embodiment of the invention and preferred methods of practicing the invention are illustrated in which:

FIG. 1 shows a 3D line drawing of the frame of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows the complete parts list and geometry overview of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows an end view of solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a side view depicting the struts, chords, I-beams and other parts of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows a top view depicting all of the struts, chords, I-beams and other parts of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a top view depicting the vertical struts (dashed) and top strut layer between I beams and other parts of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a top view depicting the vertical struts, I beams and other parts of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows the struts and associated linear lengths and information on the mirrors of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a 3D line drawing of the struts, strut end pieces, chord sleeve, chord and I-beams of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a 3D line drawing of the struts, strut end pieces, chord sleeve, chord and I-beams of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows a 3D line drawing of the struts, strut end pieces, chord sleeve and chord that would attach to the I-beams of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows a 3D line drawing of the struts, strut end pieces, chord sleeve and chord at the bottom center of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 13 shows a 3D line drawing of a strut, strut end piece, chord sleeve and chord at the bottom right of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 14 shows a 3D line drawing of the struts, strut end pieces, chord sleeve and chord at the bottom right of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 15 shows the cross sectional profile of strut U of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 16 shows the cross sectional profile of strut M of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 17 shows the cross sectional profile of strut P of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 18 shows the cross sectional profile of strut O of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 19 shows the cross sectional profile of strut W of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 20 shows the cross sectional profile of strut N of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 21 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I7 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 22 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I4 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 23 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I3 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 24 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I1 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 25 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I2 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 26 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I5 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 27 shows the cross sectional profile of strut end piece I6 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 28 shows the cross sectional profile of chord C1 a of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 29 shows the cross sectional profile of chord C1 b of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 30 shows the cross sectional profile of chord F of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 31 shows the cross sectional profile of chord sleeve D of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 32 shows the cross sectional profile of chord sleeve E of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 33 shows the cross sectional profile of chord sleeve H of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 34 shows the cross sectional profile of chord sleeve G of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 35 shows the cross sectional profile of Ibeam B1 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 36 shows the cross sectional profile of Ibeam B2 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 37 shows the cross sectional profile of Ibeam spacer S1 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 38 shows the cross sectional profile of Ibeam spacer S of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 39 shows the assembly drawing of Ibeam B1, strut end piece I7 and spacer S of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 40 shows the assembly drawing of Ibeam B2, strut end piece I1 and spacer S1 of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 41 shows the side view (cut length) of mirror support upright Ja of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 42 shows the cross sectional profile of mirror support upright Ja of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 43 shows the mirror upright assembly of parts Ja, Ka and M of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 44 shows the cross sectional profile of the mirror support rail Ka of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 45 shows the cross sectional profile of the mirror upright assembly base M of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 46 shows the cross sectional profile of the mirror support rail L1 b of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 47 shows the cross sectional profile of the mirror support rail L1 m of the solar frame of the present invention.

FIG. 48 shows the cross sectional profile of the mirror support rail L of the solar frame of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to similar or identical parts throughout the several views, and more specifically to FIGS. 1-48 thereof, there is shown a solar trough frame 10 for holding solar mirrors 12 (overview best seen in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3). The frame 10 comprises a plurality of chords 14. The frame 10 comprises a plurality of extruded profiles, including chord sleeves 16, struts 22 and strut end pieces 18, each chord sleeve 16 having at least one chord sleeve fin 20, each chord sleeve 16 positioned about one of the chords 14. The frame 10 comprises a plurality of struts 22, at least one of the struts 22 having a strut end piece 18 having at least one strut end piece fin 24 that connects with a chord sleeve fin 20 to connect the plurality of chords 14. The frame 10 comprises a platform 26 supported by the chords 14 and struts 22 on which the solar mirrors 12 are disposed.

At least one chord sleeve 16 and strut end piece 18 may have a circle size which fits within a 7 inch diameter extrusion press. The strut end piece fins 24 may interface with the chord sleeve fins 20 so that loads converge on a common central point. At least one strut 22 may intersect with at least one chord 14 in a non-perpendicular fashion. The chord sleeve fin 20 and the strut end piece fin 24 may be thicker at a location through which the frame 10 fastener extends than at the fin's tip. Each chord sleeve 16 and strut end piece 18 may have a profile circumscribing circle size less than what would be possible without the strut end piece 18. Each chord sleeve 16 and strut end piece 18 may be made of aluminum.

The present invention pertains to a chord sleeve 16 for connecting a chord 14 of a solar frame 10 which supports solar mirrors 12 to a strut end piece 18 extending from a strut 22 of the solar frame 10. The chord sleeve 16 comprises a chord sleeve primary portion 30 having an opening in which the chord 14 is disposed; and at least one chord sleeve fin 20 extending from the primary portion that is fixed to the strut end piece 18.

The chord sleeve 16 may include a chord sleeve fastener 28 which fixes the chord sleeve primary portion 30 to the chord 14, and a frame fastener 32 which fixes the chord sleeve fin 20 to the strut end piece 18. The chord sleeve primary portion 30 may be a chord sleeve main profile and the chord sleeve fin 20 is a chord sleeve boss extending from the chord sleeve main profile. The chord sleeve main profile and the chord sleeve boss may be made of aluminum.

The present invention pertains to a strut end piece 18 for connecting the strut 22 of a solar frame 10 to a chord sleeve 16 which in turn support a Platform 26 which support solar mirrors of the solar frame 10. The strut end piece 18 comprises a strut end piece primary portion 34 which attaches to the strut 22. The strut end piece 18 comprises at least one strut end piece fin 24 extending from the strut end piece primary portion 34 which attaches to the chord sleeve 16.

The piece may include at least one strut end piece fastener 36 which fixes the strut end piece primary portion 34 to the strut 22, and a frame fastener 32 which fixes the strut end piece fin 24 to the chord sleeve fin 20.

The strut end piece primary portion 34 may be a strut end piece main profile and the strut end piece fin 24 is a strut end piece boss extending from the strut end piece main profile. The strut main profile and the strut boss may be made of aluminum. The strut end piece primary portion 34 may have an essentially flat side 38 to align with an essentially flat side 38 of the strut 22. The strut end piece fin may have a tongue ratio of less than or equal to 3.

The present invention pertains to a method for linking a strut 22 of a solar frame 10 which supports solar mirrors 12 to a chord 14 of the solar frame 10. The method comprises the steps of positioning a strut end piece fin 24 of a strut end piece 18 of the strut 22 adjacent a chord sleeve fin 20 of a chord sleeve 16 about the chord 14. There is the step of fixing the strut end piece fin 24 and the chord sleeve fin 20 together with a frame fastener 32 that contacts the strut end piece fin 24 and the chord sleeve fin 20.

There may be the step of attaching the strut end piece 18 to the strut 22. There may be the step of attaching the chord sleeve 16 to the chord 14. The step of attaching the strut end piece 18 to the strut 22 may include the step of fixing the strut end piece 18 and the strut 22 together with a strut end piece fastener 36 that contacts the strut end piece 18 and the strut 22. The attaching the chord sleeve 16 to the chord 14 step may include the step of fixing the chord sleeve 16 and the chord 14 together with a chord sleeve fastener 28 that contacts the chord sleeve 16 and the chord 14.

The present invention pertains to a method for supporting solar mirrors 12. The method comprises the steps of receiving sunlight on the mirrors 12 supported by a solar frame 10 formed of a plurality of extruded profiles including chords 14, chord sleeves 16, struts 22 and strut end pieces 18. Each chord sleeve 16 having at least one chord sleeve fin 20. Each chord sleeve 16 positioned about one of the chords 14. The frame 10 has a plurality of struts 22. Each strut 22 having a strut end piece 18 having at least one strut fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin 20 to connect the plurality of chords 14, and a platform 26 supported by the chords 14 and struts 22 on which the solar mirrors 12 are disposed. There is the step of moving the frame 10 relative to the sun.

Implementing the design features, as detailed below will lead to globally optimizing frame 10 extrusion, fabrication, transportation, and site assembly while meeting all technical, structural, and ongoing maintenance requirements. The frame 10 of the present invention makes efficient use of the extruded metal to optimize the weight and construction costs of the frame 10 while exceeding the strength and deflection requirements; some of the unique connection features allow more efficient use of material and accurate part connection locations.

The preferred embodiment can best be described as a 12 meter long framework designed to support four rows of parabolic mirrors 12, each of which is comprised of seven mirrors 12 in the row. The design concepts are applicable to other configurations of length or combination of mirrors 12; the specific iteration was for the 12 meter frame 10 supporting 28 parabolic mirrors 12; the design concepts are also applicable to different geometric arrangements of the chords, chord sleeves, struts, strut end pieces, mirror supports, mirrors and other components. Specific member profiles can vary (simple tubes, D-shapes, etc. . . . ) as design modifications dictate.

Solar trough frames are generally designed so that the outermost frames in the field are strongest, as they are buffeted by winds to a higher degree while the internal frames are somewhat shielded from the strongest winds. The design described is for the outermost frames, although the same design philosophies and analyses techniques/iterations will yield optimal designs for the innermost (lighter) frames as well.

Referring to FIGS. 1-48, the Main Components of the Structure are the Following:

-   -   Mirror Support Structures (Platform) (FIGS. 1-7, 9, 10, 35-48)         -   Five different designs—two comprised of capped structural             tubes (FIG. 43) and three as hollow trapezoids with             attachment legs (FIGS. 46-48), with the capped structural             designs spanning higher I-beam to mirror heights and the             trapezoids lower heights; each is designed to minimize             weight while carrying the required structural loads; the             mirror weight and wind loads are transferred efficiently in             an axial manner along the taller tubes.     -   Modified I-Beams (FIGS. 1-7, 9, 10, 35-40)         -   One central and two side beams each in seven locations.             Depending on the location and position in the frame 10, the             I-beams may have different dimensions/thicknesses. In             general, the modified I-beams use a wider base and a             narrower top.     -   Chords/Longitudinal Members (FIGS. 1-7, 9-14 and 28-34)         -   One central bottom, two bottom sides, two top sides and two             top centers. These three types of chords differ in design             due to the differing geometries and tensile or compressive             load requirements.         -   To use a basic “D-shape” (FIGS. 9, 12, 13, 14, 28 & 29) with             overall dimensions and wall thicknesses designed to minimize             weight while carrying all required loads as defined by             structural engineering analysis and FEA. The two bottom             sides are the most highly loaded, followed by the two top             sides and then by the one central bottom (depending on             tooling cost, this may be designed the same as the two top             sides, although as a separate design over 2 lbs/frame weight             savings is possible).         -   The two top center chords are also designed to meet the             geometry, structural engineering analysis and FEA             requirements. They look more like “slightly collapsed             trapezoids” (FIGS. 10, 11 and 30) and are designed in this             manner to meet the I-beam angularity requirements.     -   Struts (FIGS. 1-27)         -   Various strut designs (currently six: FIGS. 15-20) as             modified circular/flat extrusions with diameter, wall             thickness and other descriptors dependant on strut length             and both tensile and compressive load requirements.     -   Strut End Piece (FIGS. 2, 3, 9-27, 31-40,)         -   Strut end pieces are designed to be fabricated and fastened             to the struts in a factory setting; the strut end piece can             then be connected to the chord sleeves in the field during             frame assembly.     -   Chord Sleeves (FIGS. 1-7, 9-14, 28-40)         -   Four different designs—one for the bottom center, one for             the bottom sides, one for the top sides and one for the top             centers. Each is designed to connect the Chords, I-beams and             struts with the correct geometry and connection means.     -   Fasteners (FIGS. 9-14, 31-40)         -   Various types of fasteners, including “pop rivets”             interference pins, bolts, solid compression rivets or other             types of fasteners to connect the Chords, Chord Sleeves,             Struts , , , Strut End Pieces , , , I-beams, and Mirror             support structures.

Overview of the Structure:

-   -   End View: (FIGS. 2, 3, 5)         -   When viewed from the end view of the structure, the             parabolic shape of the four rows of mirrors 12 is evident,             as are the three main I-beam supports which the mirrors 12             are connected to via mirror support structure extrusions             fabricated and assembled into the structure required. The             I-beams are in turn supported by a series of struts. From             the end-view the eight struts and the three I-beams make up             a central triangular portion flanked on either side by a             second set of symmetrical triangles which in turn are             flanked on the far right and left by another, different, set             of symmetrical triangles. These triangles could be             asymmetrical (further optimizing the material content of the             frames and performance) if planned installation locations             have a consistent wind direction bias.     -   Side/Top Views: (FIGS. 1, 2, 4-7)         -   When viewed from the side view or from the top, the myriad             interconnections between the various Chords, Chord Sleeves,             Struts, Strut End Pieces and I-Beams is evident. It also             becomes evident that the length of each connecting strut             depends on its 3-dimensional setup—they are generally angled             in all of the end, side and top views. It is also evident             that the design philosophy used was to create triangular             elements in each orientation to ensure that the structure is             stable and strong. Triangles are a very efficient way to             design structures.         -   The angles of the struts to each other and to the I-beams             and Chords leads to the length of the struts; the structural             analysis and FEA work show both the tensile and compressive             forces given various loading conditions (position, wind,             torsion, etc . . . ); this allows the optimization of each             part's profile design to minimize weight while ensuring that             various loading condition requirements are met, and any             bending, tension or compressive buckling failures are             anticipated and designed around through appropriate             cross-sectional design of the profiles.

I-Beams In Relation to Mirror Geometry: (FIGS. 1-3, 5, 10)

-   -   The configuration of the upper I-beams to optimize mirror         support in three planes approximates the shape of the parabolic         mirror, minimizing the required lengths of the mirror support         structures. Four of the eight locations are close enough that         the longitudinal members can be efficiently designed as         trapezoids with attachment legs so that no additional parts,         fabrication or assembly is needed.     -   The two center bottom and two outside top positions have a         position far enough between the mirrors 12 and the I-beams that         an efficient means to bridge this gap is needed (one large cross         sectional profile would weigh too much); using tubular profiles         with a bottom attachment shape to tie the I-beam and tube         together with a “cap” mirror support profile running the length         of the frame 10 on top of the tubes was the most efficient use         of material and fabrication/assembly costs.

Geometry:

-   -   Through structural engineering analysis and FEA, it has been         verified that the struts are subject to axial loads in use with         projected failure modes of compressive buckling normally being         more critical than tensile failure. More nodes were used and         more struts (the “5 triangle end view”) to decrease strut         lengths and thus increase the critical buckling loads, allowing         us to use relatively thin-walled struts designed in cross         section to extrude and fabricate efficiently and to maximize         buckling and tension performance with relatively low weight/ft         (to save on material cost). More nodal connections also allow         the forces to be more uniformly distributed as the mirrors tilt         throughout the day, shifting the weight and the applied wind         loads and torsion.

Efficient Assembly:

-   -   The present method of assembly uses an on-site roller frame to         hold the chords that run the entire length of the truss. Several         people will be sitting in between these members, able to reach         the long members and assemble the frame 10 as it rolls past         them. Each set of rollers could consist of two rollers angled         inward (other configurations are certainly possible and will be         evaluated). This, combined with the weight of the frame 10, will         keep everything securely seated in the apparatus. After each         connection within reach has been attached, the frame 10 will be         rolled to its next stage (the people assembling it will remain         stationary), and the next sets of connections can be made. This         process will be repeated until the entire frame 10 is assembled,         as it rolls out onto some sort of rolling support (for instance,         tires aligned under the 3 bottom long members).     -   With a limited amount of steps per assembler, the assembly will         run smoother and increase quality. It is likely that separate         material handlers will bring the preassembled strut/strut end         piece assemblies, the chord sleeves and the various fasteners to         each of the assembly personnel's locations on site, so that the         assembly personnel do not waste time gathering components. The         entire assembly system is envisioned to be mobile so that as         frames 10 are assembled in the fields in the system, the         completed frames can be lifted off of the exit support rollers         and placed onto the completed uprights already mounted onto the         foundations. In addition, because these frames are typically         located in very hot, arid areas (exceptional sunshine throughout         the year), the “on-site factory assembly system” enables the         operators to be working under an awning with appropriate cooling         fans aimed at them—this will further reduce assembly issues         working in hot conditions; comfortable workers are more         efficient and produce higher quality products.

Struts

Strut Geometry: (FIGS. 1-27)

-   -   The present strut design utilizes a thin-walled circular         cross-section (FIGS. 15-20) to maximize the moment of inertia         and radius of gyration while keeping a small area (weight),         maximizing the critical buckling load. Through Finite Element         Analysis iterations showing the expected tensile and compressive         load characteristics we were able to fine tune the profile         geometry/shape to achieve optimal weight to strength ratios and         cross section/diameter/wall thickness optimal for each strut's         unique loading conditions and length.

Strut Features:

-   -   The struts may feature drill guides to facilitate fabrication.         The struts may utilize flat sections to match up to the extruded         and fabricated strut end pieces. Depending on the loading         conditions (tensile and compressive), type of fastener, fastener         diameter and # of fasteners can be adjusted as appropriate.

Chords/Longitudinal Members: (FIGS. 1-7, 9-14, 28-34)

-   -   There are three types of longitudinal members (chords) which run         the full length of the frame 10 (although these can of course be         assembled from shorter lengths fastened together; most loads on         space frames are axial). Due to the geometry of the solar trough         frame 10 and the expected weight, wind loads and         torsional/rotational loads that the completed assemblies will be         subject to, and the geometries that each must meet, there are         two different designs (discussed above): two various profile         designs of “D's” (FIGS. 28 and 29) and one “collapsed trapezoid”         (FIG. 30). Each is designed to most optimally utilize the         extruded material according to the structural engineering and         FEA analyses, while minimizing the total weight of the solar         trough frame 10 system.

Connectors

Self-Guiding Chord Sleeve Connectors: (FIGS. 1-7, 9-14, 31-34)

-   -   These connectors consist of a chord sleeve that may only fit         over the chord member in the correct configuration with at least         one are fin on the chord sleeve used to connect the chords to         the struts or to the I-beams (directly or through strut end         pieces). By using connectors that are pinned (or otherwise         fastened) in place along the chord members, there is a large         reduction in required materials, as the fin(s) that are used to         attach to the struts are only present where they are needed.         These will be fastened to the chords preferably across parallel         walls with chord fasteners and may feature drill guides for         assembly and fabrication ease. The chord sleeves and the strut         end pieces (in fact all fastened parts) are designed with         careful consideration to hole-to-edge distance and wall         thickness to provide the most secure, lightest weight         connection.     -   As noted elsewhere, the self-guiding chord sleeves slide onto         the three “D” designs and the “collapsed trapezoid” in an         efficient manner, and by nature of their smaller circle size         enable the chord sleeves to have a smaller extrusion         circumscribing circle size (hereafter called “circle size”)         which allows them to be extruded on a larger # of available         extrusion presses.     -   The “self-guiding” refers to the ends of the chord sleeve fins         and strut end piece fins including an angled entry point to         facilitate sliding the parts together.

Strut End Pieces: (FIGS. 2, 3, 9-27, 31-40)

-   -   These strut end pieces facilitate easy assembly of the struts to         the chords. These are either pre-drilled/punched or field         fabricated (match drill/punch) and attach to the self-guiding         chord sleeve connectors using fasteners; since they are within         the cross section of the strut OD's (except for the height of         the pop rivet heads), they may in fact best be factory assembled         and shipped as a unit (a “strut assembly” of one strut with two         strut end pieces fastened to it). The strut end pieces may         utilize the flats on the inside of the struts to guide them into         the correct configuration and a small stop may be incorporated         to keep them inserted at the correct depth so no time and effort         is wasted lining up the rivet holes. These extruded and cut to         (short) length strut end piece parts are designed and         drilled/pierced to match with the appropriate struts they will         be inserted into. “Pop rivets” will be used to connect the two         (2 to 6 of various diameters depending on loading expectations).     -   The preferred strut assembly method to fasten the strut end         pieces to the strut, maintaining exceptional tolerances between         the fastener holes on the strut end piece fins on each end of         the strut is as follows:     -   1. Cut strut and strut end pieces to proper length     -   2. Position strut and strut end pieces properly and clamp     -   3. Drill or pierce strut fastener holes     -   4. Place and fasten strut fasteners to join strut end pieces to         strut     -   5. Drill or pierce strut end piece fin holes

This sequence allows the strut assembly to have the same hole tolerances as a single strut with holes in each end of it.

Please note that all calculations, material properties and safety factors were taken from the Aluminum Association Aluminum Design Manual, using the most conservative safety factors used for bridge calculations. For calculation purposes, all extruded materials are assumed to be 6105, 6005 or 6005A T6 (although other alloys could be possible). Rivets are assumed to be 2024 T4. All connections are conceived to be riveted with solid, semi tubular or blind rivets unless otherwise noted, but the assembly can work equally well with pinned, bolted or other fastening means which are also contemplated.

Parts Discussion, Listing and Description:

-   -   The “Strut End Pieces” are designed to fit inside of the         “circular w/flats” struts (although other connection geometries         (e.g. outside the struts) are possible), enabling these to be         fastened to the chord sleeves, which in turn fit around and are         fastened to the chords. For purposes of explanation, the         following parts will be discussed (although the same principles         apply to all of the other similar parts—just with different         dimensions, # fins or slightly different configurations):         -   1. Part C1 a (FIG. 28): Bottom Center Chord “D-shape”) that             runs the entire length of the solar frame (Part C1 a is the             “lighter” D used in 3 places (FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and             12), while C1 b (FIG. 29) is the “heavier” D used in 2             places (FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 14)         -   2. Part G (FIG. 34): Bottom Center Chord Sleeve that slides             over Part C1 a and is fastened to it (FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7             and 12)         -   3. Part I2 (FIG. 25): Strut End Piece (with three “fins”)             for Strut M (FIGS. 2, 3, 8, 12, 16 and 25)         -   4. Strut M (FIGS. 2, 8, 12 and 16)         -   5. Part I3 (FIG. 23): Strut End Piece (with two “fins”) for             Strut P (FIGS. 2,3, 8, 10, 11,17, and 23)) 14, 19         -   6. Struts P&T (FIGS. 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 17))

The Full List of Parts is as Follows:

Struts: Parts M, N, O, P, W & T (FIGS. 1-20) Strut End Piece Connectors: (General: See FIGS. 1-20; specific, see Figures noted below)

Parts I1 (for Strut U's) (FIG. 24)

I2 (for Strut M's) (FIG. 25)

I3 (for Strut P's) (FIG. 23)

I4 (for Strut O's) (FIG. 22)

I5 (for Strut W's) (FIG. 26)

I6 (for Strut N's) (FIG. 27)

I7 (for Strut T's) (FIG. 21)

I-beams: Part B used as Parts B1 (used in 2 places) and B2 (used in 1 place) (FIGS. 2-7, 9-11, 32, 35-40)

Part C1 a: Bottom Center and upper left and right Chords (“D-shape”) that run the entire length of the solar frame 10 (FIGS. 2-7, 9, 12 and 28)

Part C1 b: Bottom left and right Chord (larger “D-shape”) that run the entire length of the solar frame 10 (FIGS. 2-7, 13, 14 and 29)

Part F: Upper center left and right Chords (trapezoid shaped) that run the entire length of the solar frame 10 (FIGS. 2-7, 10, 11 and 30)

Part D: Upper left and right chord sleeves that slide over Part C1 a and are fastened to it (FIGS. 2-7, 9 and 31))

Part E: Upper center left and right chord sleeves that slide over Part F and are fastened to it (FIGS. 2-7, 10, 11 and 32)

Part G: Bottom Center chord Sleeve that slides over Part C1 a and is fastened to it (FIGS. 2-7, 12 and 34)

Part H: Lower left and right chord sleeves that slide over Part C1 b and are fastened to it (FIGS. 2-7, 13, 14 and 33)

Part M: Mirror support structure base (FIGS. 43 and 45)

Part Ja: Mirror support vertical tube (Part M fits into it and is fastened as the “base”) (FIG. 41-43)

Part Ka: Mirror support structure cap that runs the entire 12 meter length of the frames (FIGS. 43 and 44)

This “caps” Parts Ja and is fastened to each of them to create planes upon which the mirrors 12 can be mounted at the points of greatest distance from the I-beams

Part L: Mirror rail (2 pieces), Part L1 b: Mirror rail (2 pieces) and Part L1 m: Mirror rail (2 pieces):

These six pieces each run the entire 12 meter length of the frames and are fastened to the I-beams (Parts Q&R) to provide surfaces onto which the mirrors 12 can be mounted (FIGS. 46-48)

Myriad of Solid, Semitubular and Blind Rivets, Pins, Bolts, Washers and Nuts, etc . . .

Overview:

The entire Solar Trough Frame 10 was designed for ease of extrusion, fabrication and assembly with structural engineering calculations and FEA modeling verifying and fine-tuning the concepts and design to optimize the system in terms of extrudability, part weight and fabrication and assembly ease, while exceeding all structural and functional requirements (although extrudability, fabrication and assembly ease also certainly affect the total system cost, the part weight is particularly important). The description below refers to the six parts detailed above, but the same design concepts and fabrication/assembly/fastening philosophies apply to many other of the chord, chord sleeves, struts and strut end pieces, as well as the other components such as the modified I-beams used in the design.

The structure is designed as a “pinned” assembly, with the struts thus subject to compressive or tensile axial loads. The structural engineering calculations and FEA verification established the maximum tensile or compressive loads for each component. These maximum loads were used to specifically design each strut (M, P & T), strut end piece (I2 and I3) and the “fins” on the strut end pieces and bottom chord sleeve (I2, I3 and G). The interior of each strut (M, P & T) may have a flat section of a certain width designed to mate with an associated flat section width of each strut end piece (I2 and I3).

The Solar Trough Frame 10 design shown uses seven extruded profiles that run the entire 12 meter length of the frame 10 (Parts C1 a (used in three places), C1 b (used in two places) and F (used in two places)). These chords are each surrounded by chord sleeves (parts D (used in 2 places), E (used in two places), G (used in 1 place) and H (used in two places). Struts with strut end pieces connect these seven assemblies in various specifically designed angled planes to create a 3 dimensional truss structure. When looking at the frame 10 from the end view there are 5 triangles. There is a central triangle composed of struts with the “base” of the triangle facing upwards (Triangle 1) attached to the horizontal I-beam (Part R), two triangles flanking Triangle 1 on either side with their “bases” facing down (Triangles 2 left and 2 right) and then two more triangles (Triangle 3 left and Triangle 3 right), flanking Triangle 2 left on the left and Triangle 2 right on the right with their more severely angled “base” facing up and attached to the slanted I-beams (Parts Q).

Triangle 1 is comprised of three corners: the bottom is chord sleeve Part G and the upper left and right are chord sleeves Part E. Triangle 2 left is comprised of three corners: the bottom most being chord sleeve Part G and the left bottom chord sleeve Part H, with the top chord sleeve Part E.

Triangle 2 right is comprised of three corners: the bottom most being chord sleeve Part G and the right bottom chord sleeve Part H, with the top chord sleeve Part E.

Triangle 3 left is comprised of three corners: the bottom most being chord sleeve Part H and the top right chord sleeve E, with the top left chord sleeve D.

Triangle 3 right is comprised of three corners: the bottom most being chord sleeve Part H and the top left chord sleeve E, with the top right chord sleeve D.

While when looking at an end view the assembly gives the impression of these 5 triangles all in the same plane, a review of the side view will show that the various struts actually are also placed at angles not coplanar with the end view.

1. Description

-   -   a. Part C1 a: Bottom Center Chord (“Lighter” “D-shape”) that         Runs the Entire Length of the Solar Frame         -   i. The shape configuration and wall thickness of this part             were designed to provide the necessary ability to handle the             tensile, compressive and bending loads placed onto it. This             piece has multiple lengths of Part G (Bottom Center Chord             Sleeve) slid over it and fastened. Besides providing the             tensile, compressive and bending strength, Part C1 a's “D”             shape enables Part G to be slid over it and oriented             reliably such that the various fins on all mating parts             align properly.     -   b. Strut M (12 Pieces)         -   i. The FEA verified maximum tensile force is 2,160 lbs and             compressive force is 2,520 lbs.         -   ii. The strut cross section was designed to ensure that the             tensile and compressive forces possible under the most             severe loading conditions are handled with more than the             conservative bridge safety factors. The strut length and             strut end pieces allow an “effective strut length” to be             calculated. The section's effective length, cross sectional             area, and radius of gyration are used to calculate allowable             compressive and tensile forces before failure (including             buckling, which was the normal predicted failure mode of             most of the strut assemblies, given their slenderness             ratio).         -   iii. The tensile and compressive stresses predicted led to             the calculation of the number of blind 5/16″ aluminum rivets             that would be required to properly secure the strut end             pieces to the strut (other fastener types, number of             fasteners and size can be used as long as they can carry the             necessary shear stresses and the bearing loads are             acceptable).     -   c. When a simple Part G “fin” to Part I2 or I3 “fin” connection         was contemplated, the fastener diameter was rather large to         handle the predicted loads with the needed safety factor. While         the design would allow many types of fasteners (pins, bolts, or         rivets (solid, semitubular or blind)), we designed it capable of         being assembled with rivets capable of setting via hand         squeezers (C or Alligator jaws). To accomplish the needed         maximum of the tensile and compressive capacity with safety         factor, while still using a rivet diameter capable of being hand         squeezed, we needed to create multiple shear points on the         rivets via interlocking “fins” on Part G and the mating strut         end pieces, Parts I2 and I3. The cut lengths of the individual         strut end pieces were calculated, and the flat “ID” of their         associated struts designed to ensure that they both “fit” and         could carry the necessary loads and stresses, given the “fin” or         “tab” widths, thicknesses and fastener hole diameters.

Part G: Bottom Center Chord Sleeve that Slides over Part C1 a and is Fastened to it (Likely Pinned, Riveted or Bolted).

-   -   i. This part is configured to allow multiple struts at various         compound angles to be fastened to it (Struts M, P & T via their         respective Strut End Pieces (I2, I3 and I4), respectively) and         also to allow Strut N and other Strut End Piece I6 to connect to         Part G. Looking at an end view of the assembly and the         extrusions shows how the angles for each of the struts in one         dimension are defined. The “fins” on Part G interface with the         “fins” on the Strut End Pieces. The faces of each allow close         connections to minimize fastener bending and allow Parts I2 and         I3 to be positioned both along the length of Part G and at the         appropriate angle (looking at a side view of the assembly) as         required. Each connection is designed to be secured with a         fastener, such as a bolt, pin or rivet (blind, solid, semi         tubular or other).     -   ii. The fin designs are such as with other cases throughout the         frame 10 design, that the loads converge on an essentially         common central point to avoid creating complex moments in Part G         (this design philosophy is used with the other components in the         structure as well).     -   iii. Part G is designed to keep a relatively small circle size         (5.94 inches, extrudable on the most common 7″ extrusion press         diameter) to allow this part to be extruded on a variety of         extrusion presses commonly available (where possible, we         maintained lower circle sizes than other designs to allow         flexibility in choosing which suppliers and which of their         extrusion operations could actually extrude the parts).     -   iv. Each of the fins on Part G is specifically designed to both         provide the mating portion to correctly interface with the strut         end piece fins 24 and to ensure that they are both strong enough         in tensile and compressive capacity and bearing and extrudable         at the same time. FEA analysis was used to precisely determine         the tensile and compressive loads on each strut and thus on each         of their connectors as well. “Pinned” fasteners were used for         the FEA, which can be accomplished via pins, rivets, bolts or         other means. For sizing purposes, the maximum tensile and         compressive loads were used to size rivets with single or         multiple “shear points” in a way such that smaller diameter         rivets could be used where needed, while still providing the         necessary load capacity. Single fins on the chord sleeves can be         used, but in this specific example, sizing the parts and         geometries to allow the use of hand set rivets, for example,         multiple “fins” on Part G and the various strut end pieces         (Parts I2 and I3) allowed for the hole diameters to be         minimized, keeping the circle size of all of the parts within         readily available commercial extrusion operation limits.     -   d. The specific design of the fins ensures that they can carry         the necessary loads, provide appropriate bearing strength for         the fasteners and mating parts, provide mating surfaces for the         strut end pieces (Parts I2 and I3) and to ensure that they are         of such a configuration that the “extrusion tongue ratio” is         acceptable from an extrusion and extrusion tooling perspective.         The “extrusion tongue ratio” is critical, as for parts such as G         with a long void between the fins, the ratio is defined as the         area of the die tongue/(the base width of the tongue^2). The         design we developed ensures that Part G and the mating strut end         pieced parts I2 and I3 can be rotated around the fastener to         create the appropriate truss angles, while not having the         straight cut ends for the parts, each of which are cut to a         particular length, interfere with the mating part upon rotation.         The “end-to-hole” design is such to guarantee that the fins can         support the needed compressive and tensile loads transmitted         through the fasteners, and yet create the largest “base” of the         tongue to maintain the tongue ratios below industry preferred         3:1.     -   e. Part I2: Strut End Piece (with three “fins”) for Strut M         -   i. As described above, this part cross section was designed             to carry the needed loads and with the three “fins” to             create four shear points on the fastener which connects it             to Part G.         -   ii. Using 5/16″ diameter blind aluminum rivets, four rivets             are required to carry the FEA predicted loads.         -   iii. There may be an “end stop” designed into each of the             strut end pieces to provide a positive “stop” against which             the cut strut extrusions bear to ensure accurate strut to             strut end piece orientation and location.     -   f. Part 13: Strut End Piece (with two “fins”) for Struts P         -   i. Same discussion as for Part I2, but the lower load             requirements of Struts P led to only three fastener shear             points required holding these to Parts G, and thus they only             have 2-vs-3 “fins”     -   g. Struts P&T         -   i. Similar discussion to Strut M, but smaller loads=smaller             cross sections, etc.

While the term “riveted” is used, other fastening methods are contemplated and may be used in the solar trough frame 10 construction.

Struts transfer loads axially.

All chord sleeves (D, E, G and H) are fastened to their respective chord members (C1 a, F, C1 a and C1 b respectively) via blind rivets to keep the chord sleeve located axially along the main chord members.

Mirror->Mirror Supports (Ka, L1 b, L1 m and L)->I-beams (Parts B1 and B2)

The parabolic mirrors 12 are attached to the frame 10 via support bolts extending from the back of the parabolic mirrors 12, connected to the mirrors 12 by a ceramic pad (this is a commercially available mirror system from Flabeg (RP3), although the frame designs could easily be modified to handle other mirror systems). These connect the mirrors 12 to parts Ka, L1 b, L1 m and L; the bolts are part of the mirror 12 and are inserted through holes in these parts, secured with nuts and washers from the underside of the parts. These bolts attach the mirrors 12 to parts Ka, L1 b, L1 m and L to support the mirrors 12 whatever orientation the frame 10 is (the frame 10 rotates to follow the sun). The entire solar trough is designed to handle the worst case conditions of the weight of the mirrors 12, the frame 10 itself and the wind loads (and associated twisting loads (described later) which the positioning and wind conditions place on the system.

Parts L1 b, L1 m and L are in turn directly riveted to the I-beams. Part Ka is placed over and riveted to Part Ja, and Ja is placed over and riveted to Part M (see drawings); Part M is then riveted to the I-beam.

The loads transfer from the mirror bolts to Parts Ka, L1 b, L1 m and L and then to I-beams B1 and B2 (either through Parts L1 b, L2 m and L or through Ka to Ja to M).

Strut End Pieces (I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6 and I7)->Struts (Struts M, U, T, P, W, N and O)

Each strut has an associated Strut End Piece which fits inside it and is blind riveted (or otherwise pinned or fastened) to the flat portions (if flats are used) of the ID of the struts.

Strut End Pieces to Chord sleeves (Parts G, H, D & E)

I-beams (Parts B1 and B2) (+spacers: Parts S and Si)->Strut End Pieces (Parts I1 and I7)

Spacers S1 sits directly under the bottom flanges of the I-beam B2 (which is used at the “base” of the parabola). It is fastened (likely bolted due to the forces involved and resulting required fastener diameter) and used to provide additional tensile and compressive strength to the strut end piece (Part I1) to I-beam flange connection and to create a large enough gap on the strut end piece (Part I1) to allow the strut end piece to have sufficient tongue support for extrusion purposes. Modifications to the I-beam profile may allow the design to be accomplished without these spacers. Strut U is attached to Strut End Piece Part 11 via blind rivets or other fasteners. Part I1 surrounds and is fastened to the “sandwich” of the bottom flange of I-beam B2 and Spacer S1.

Spacers S sits directly under the bottom flanges of the I-beam B1 (which is used in two places as the left and right “legs” of the parabola). It is fastened (likely bolted due to the forces involved and resulting required fastener diameter) and used to provide additional tensile and compressive strength to the strut end piece (Part I7) to I-beam flange connection and to create a large enough gap on the strut end piece (Part I7) to allow the strut end piece to have sufficient tongue support for extrusion purposes. Strut T is attached to Strut End Piece Part I7 via blind rivets (or other fasteners). Part I7 surrounds and is fastened to the “sandwich” of the bottom flange of I-beam B1 and Spacer S.

Struts T and U are used to keep the I-beams B1 and B2 parallel, counteracting any forces from weight or wind.

Part E (chord sleeve)->I-beams (B1 and B2), Part G (chord sleeve)/Part C1 a (chord member), Part H (chord sleeve)/Part C1 b (chord member), Part D (chord sleeve)/Part C1 a (chord member)

The angled legs of Part E (along the 4.926″ dimension) are fastened to the bottom flanges of I-beams B1 and B2 (likely bolted due to load requirements and resulting fastener diameters). Any loads from the mating portions of I-beams B1 and B2 are transferred through Part E (chord sleeve) to Part F (chord member) and through strut end pieces I3 and I4 to Struts P and O. Strut P then transfers axial loads to Part G at the base of the solar frame (and then to chord member C1 a and Struts N and M through strut end pieces I6 and I2 respectively). Strut O then transfers loads to strut end piece I4, then to chord sleeve H and to chord member C1 b; Chord sleeve H supports loads from Strut W through strut end piece I5 and Strut N and M through strut end pieces I6 and I2 respectively).

The upper left and right “legs” of the parabola I-beams B1 are connected to chord sleeve D. Part C1 a (identical extrusion to that used in Part G chord sleeve) goes through the center of Part D. The angled fins on chord sleeve D connect to the fins on strut end piece I5 which in turn is attached inside of Strut W.

The weight and wind loads are transferred through this assembly.

Frame 10 Mounts->Mounting Towers

All of the forces of the frame 10 and mirror 12 weights and wind loads are eventually supported by frame 10 mounts at each end of the solar trough frame 10. At the ends of the 12 meter solar trough frame 10 there are assemblies which support the ends of the solar trough frame 10 and transfer the loads to a rotating (customer supplied) mechanism on top of customer supplied towers mounted on concrete foundations. They are triangular assemblies of I-beams (conceived as 2.5″ top flange, 4.0″ bottom flange (each with 0.187″ walls) and a total height of 3″), although specific customer requirements will likely change the form of these end supports.

How the motor will rotate the mirrors 12:

The solar frames are arranged end to end with a motive force applied, for example, between frames 4 and 5 (of an 8 frame line for this example). Frame 1 is linked to 2, 2 to 3 and 3 to 4, and frame 8 to 7, 7 to 6, and 6 to 5. Between frames 4 and 5 there will be an electric or hydraulic motor mounted on a stand and powering a gearbox with a two sided power takeoff shaft in line with the rotational axis of the solar frames—each side of the power takeoff is attached to frames 4 and 5 respectively. The motor drives the gearbox which in turn rotates frames 4 and 5 at the same time. Frames 3-2-1 and 6-7-8 rotate in concert due to their attachment to frames 4 and 5 respectively. The motor/gearbox establish the rotational orientation of the line of frames, holding them in position against weight and wind loads, and rotating them to follow the traverse of the sun across the sky.

Description of Part D:

Part D is the chord sleeve which surrounds Part C1 a (a “D” shape, coincidentally, which is a chord member running the full 12 meter length of the frame). Part D is fastened to part C1 a to position it along the length of C1 a. Part D is also fastened to I-beam part B1 and to the strut end connectors for Strut W, Parts I5. The “D” shape of Part D encompasses Part C1 a providing resistance to rotation of chord sleeve D around the chord member C1 a. The flat projections above and below the left edge of the “D” (viewed as the letter, not as used in the assembly) are pierced with holes to allow fastening to I-beam part B1. The connection point for Parts I5 are shaped with a larger bulge in the center to allow the corresponding “tongue” portion of I5 to have a wide enough “base” such that the [tongue area of I5/“base”^2] is 3 or less (the preferred “tongue ratio”—easier to extrude without the extrusion die “tongue” having excess deflection and breakage). The “end” of this connection point narrows down to the wall thickness required to carry the projected FEA tensile and compressive loads, with a length long enough that the hole to edge distance of the hole in the wide part of the “bulge” is at least 1.0× the diameter (actually, it is slightly greater than 1.0× the diameter). By narrowing the bulge back down to this required wall thickness, the area of the corresponding “tongue” of part I5 is kept as small as possible to keep the tongue ratio lower than 3.0.

How the Solar Frames are Mounted and Rotated

The concentrated solar thermal power plants are made up of thousands of frames. They are arranged in multiple parallel rows of mirrors 12, each row of which rotates to follow the progress of the sun across the sky to optimize solar reflection onto the receiver tube. The mirrors 12 are “linked” together in a row (FIG. 1) and a number of mirrors 12 are rotated at once, using electric or hydraulic motors with gear boxes.

Each individual mirror frame is supported by two deep concrete pads poured into the earth (with steel rebar) at each end of the mirror frame; these foundations are supplied by others. On top of each concrete pad are truss-like “uprights” (supplied by others). Each solar frame/mirror assembly is equipped with structural assemblies on each end; these are manufactured from structural extruded parts fabricated and assembled/fastened into structures which are then fastened to each end of the frame. The top of these structures will be located at the center of gravity of the frame/mirror combination (with the current design, this is just above the top surface of the mirror at the bottom of the parabola). Bearing devices (supplied by others) will be attached to the truss-like uprights and will attach to the structures at each end of the frame so that the frames can easily be rotated about their center of gravity, despite the total weight of the frames and mirrors 12.

Between each two frames are connecting mechanisms (supplied by others) that “tie” the two frames together so that they rotate around the same axis at the same time. If, for example, there are 18 frames in each row of mirrors 12, there will be a drive mechanism in the center, connected to frames 9 and 10 directly powering them. Frames 1-9 and 11-18 are then rotated because they are “tied” together between each frame. The rotation allows the mirror 12 to follow the sun across the sky. Due to wind conditions in the locations where these mirrors 12 are installed, the wind will want to rotate the mirrors 12. The connections between each two mirrors 12 linking back to the gear drive electric or hydraulic motor resists this force.

Although the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing embodiments for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be described by the following claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A solar trough frame for holding solar mirrors which is rotated by a motor to follow the sun, the mirrors focusing sunlight to heat fluid in a fluid filled tube to meet temperature requirements to generate electricity, the frame comprising: a plurality of chords; a plurality of extruded profiles, including one piece chord sleeves and one piece strut end pieces, each chord sleeve having a plurality of chord sleeve fins positioned about the chord sleeve, each chord sleeve fin extending from the chord sleeve at a different angle, each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords; a plurality of struts, at least one of the struts supporting a tensile force of 2,160 lbs. and a compressive force of 2,520 lbs. and having a separate and distinct strut end piece having a plurality of fins and a tongue ratio between its fins, attached to the one strut, the strut end piece having at least one strut end piece fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the one strut to the chord sleeve via the chord sleeve fin, the strut end piece fins interface with the chord sleeve fins so that loads converge on an essentially common central point, at least one chord sleeve and strut end piece has a circle size which fits within a 7 inch diameter extrusion press, the chords and struts and chord sleeves and strut end pieces forming a central triangular portion flanked on either side by a set of triangles which in turn are flanked on its far right and far left by another different set of triangles; a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed; and a structure assembly attached to at least one of the chords through which force from the motor rotates the frame about the frame's center of gravity so the frame follows the sun and the mirrors on the platform focuses the sunlight on the tube to heat the fluid in the tube to generate electricity.
 2. The frame of claim 1 wherein the one strut has a hole through which a fastener fastens the strut end piece to the one strut.
 3. The frame as described in claim 2 wherein the strut end piece fins interface with the chord sleeve fins so that loads converge on an essentially common central point.
 4. The frame as described in claim 3 wherein at least one strut intersects with at least one chord in a non-perpendicular fashion.
 5. The frame as described in claim 4 wherein the chord sleeve fin and the strut end piece fin is thicker at a location through which the frame fastener extends than at the fin's tip.
 6. The frame as described in claim 5 wherein each chord sleeve and strut end piece have a profile circumscribing circle size less than what would be possible without the strut end piece.
 7. The frame as described in claim 6 wherein each chord sleeve and strut end piece are made of aluminum.
 8. The frame of claim 6 wherein the chord sleeve fin is solid.
 9. The frame of claim 8 wherein the chord sleeve has fins of differing thicknesses.
 10. The frame of claim 9 wherein the chord sleeve has fins of differing lengths.
 11. The frame of claim 10 that has at least 4 distinct chords or set of chord segments which extend parallel to an axis of rotation of the frame which define a top chord surface of the frame.
 12. The frame of claim 11 including a fifth chord or set of chord segments at a bottom center of the frame.
 13. The frame of claim 11 wherein each chord is either a one piece that extends a full length of the frame or made up of shorter chords fastened together.
 14. The frame of claim 13 wherein the chord sleeve primary portion has a longitudinal axis to which a chord axis of each chord connected to the chord sleeve is parallel, and the chord sleeve fins extend in a same direction as the longitudinal axis.
 15. The frame of claim 1 wherein the strut is hollow.
 16. The frame of claim 15 wherein the strut has a generally circular cross-section.
 17. The frame of claim 16 wherein the strut has flat sides inside the strut that serve to guide the strut end piece into proper configuration with the strut.
 18. The frame of claim 17 wherein the strut end piece includes a stop to position the strut end piece at a desired length with the strut.
 19. The frame of claim 16 wherein there are a plurality of different sized struts, each of which have a separately attached strut end piece that can be fitted to a same sleeve fin with a respective strut end piece.
 20. A chord sleeve for connecting a chord of a solar frame which supports solar mirrors to strut end pieces each having strut end piece fins extending from struts of the solar frame, the mirrors focusing sunlight to heat fluid in a fluid filled tube to meet temperature requirements to generate electricity, the chord sleeve comprising: a chord sleeve primary portion that is hollow and is a one piece extrusion having an opening in which the chord is disposed; and a plurality of chord sleeve fins extending from the primary portion that are fixed to the strut end piece fins, the plurality of chord sleeve fins positioned about the chord sleeve, the strut end piece fins interface with the chord sleeve fins so that loads converge on an essentially common central point, each chord sleeve fin extending from the chord sleeve at a different angle, the strut end piece being separate and distinct from the strut, the chord sleeve fin having a sleeve fin fastener hole through which a frame fastener extends to fasten the strut end piece to the chord sleeve fin, the chord sleeve fin is thicker at a location about the sleeve fin fastener hole than at the fin's tip, the chord sleeve fin having an angled entry point to facilitate sliding the chord sleeve fin and the strut end piece together, the chord sleeve fins and the chord sleeve primary portion being one continuous piece, the chord sleeve fits within a 7 inch diameter extrusion press and the chord sleeve supporting a tensile force of 2,160 lbs. and a compressive force of 2,520 lbs. to support the mirrors on the solar frame as the frame rotates to follow the sun and the mirrors focus sunlight on the tube to heat the fluid in the tube to generate electricity.
 21. The chord sleeve as described in claim 20 including a chord sleeve fastener which fixes the chord sleeve primary portion to the chord, and the frame fastener which fixes the chord sleeve fin to the strut end piece fin.
 22. The chord sleeve as described in claim 21 wherein the chord sleeve primary portion is a chord sleeve main profile and the chord sleeve fin is a chord sleeve boss extending from the chord sleeve main profile.
 23. A method for supporting solar mirrors, the mirrors focusing sunlight to heat fluid in a fluid filled tube to meet temperature requirements to generate electricity, the method comprising the steps of: receiving sunlight on the mirrors supported by a solar frame formed of a plurality of extruded profiles including one piece chord sleeves and extruded one piece strut end pieces, at least one chord sleeve having a plurality of chord sleeve fins positioned about the chord sleeve, each chord sleeve fin extending from the chord sleeve at a different angle, each chord sleeve positioned about one of the chords, a plurality of struts, at least one strut supporting a tensile force of 2,160 lbs. and a compressive force of 2,520 lbs. and having a separate and distinct strut end piece having a plurality of fins and a tongue ratio between its fins, attached to the one strut, the strut end piece having at least one strut fin that connects with a chord sleeve fin to connect the one strut to the chord sleeve via the chord sleeve fin, the strut end piece fins interface with the chord sleeve fins so that loads converge on an essentially common central point, at least one chord sleeve and strut end piece has a circle size which fits within a 7 inch diameter extrusion press, the chords and struts and chord sleeves and strut end pieces forming a central triangular portion flanked on either side by a set of triangles which in turn are flanked on its far right and far left by another different set of triangles, and a platform supported by the chords and struts on which the solar mirrors are disposed; and moving the frame relative to the sun about the frame's center of gravity to follow the sun so the frame follows the sun and the mirrors on the platform focuses the sunlight on the tube to heat the fluid in the tube to generate electricity. 